•  First German State Exam, Justizprüfungsamt Schleswig, 1991
•  Second German State Exam, GPA für Hamburg, Bremen und Schleswig-Holstein, 1997
•  Dr Iur, University of Kiel (Germany), 1997
•  Dr Iur Habil, University of Kiel (Germany), 2004
•  Privatdozent, University of Kiel (Germany), 200

Dr Borowski qualified for the German legal profession with the First State Examination in 1991 and the Second State Examination in 1997.  He was granted a fellowship by the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes for graduate work leading to the doctorate (1993-1995), and was awarded the Dr Iur by the University of Kiel (Germany), Faculty of Law, in 1997.  He served as Wissenschaftlicher Assistent  and later Oberassistent at the University of Kiel from 1998 to 2005.  In January 2004, he completed his Habilitation or Postdoctoral Dissertation; at that time, the Faculty of Law of the University of Kiel conferred on Borowski the title of Dr Iur Habil, and he was granted the venia legendi for the disciplines ‘Public Law, European Law, Legal Philosophy, and Legal Theory’.  The Senate of the University of Kiel appointed him as ‘Privatdozent’ in February 2004.  He was awarded a Feodor-Lynen research grant by the Alexander-von-Humboldt-Foundation (Germany) for a research project on constitutional review, to be carried out at Washington University, School of Law, St. Louis, Missouri (2005-2006).  Dr Borowski joined Birmingham Law School in 2007.  In 2008 he was elected Vice-President of the British Section of the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy.

•  Jurisprudence (LLB)
•  Legal Foundations of the European Union (LLB)
•  European Human Rights Law (LLM

• Fundamental and Human Rights
• Legal Philosophy and Legal Theory
• Law and Religion
• European Union Law

Current doctoral students

Dr Borowski is currently supervising two doctoral students undertaking research in the following areas:

• The development of EU labour law in light of the decisions in viking and laval on the European right to strike and its inter-relationship with the market integration and fundamental rights rationales
• Who is a refugee?
   

Dr Martin Borowski’s main area of research is fundamental and human rights, with some emphasis on freedom of religion and conscience.  The scope of this research field reaches from human rights in municipal law to human rights in international law.  Aspects of legal philosophy and legal theory have played an important role in Dr Borowski’s research, for example, the philosophical justification of human rights, the distinction between legal and moral rights, and the analysis of the structure of balancing as a form of legal interpretation.  In addition, Dr Borowski is conducting research on constitutional review, aspects of comparative constitutional law, and on European Union Law

Books

• Grundrechte als Prinzipien (‘Basic Rights as Principles’), 2nd edn (Nomos: Baden-Baden, 2007), 499 pp. (3rd edition in preparation for 2012)
• Die Glaubens- und Gewissensfreiheit des Grundgesetzes (‘Freedom of Religion and Conscience in the Basic Law’) (Mohr Siebeck: Tübingen, 2006), 871 pp.
• La estructura de los derechos fundamentales (‘The Structure of Basic Rights’), Serie de Teoría Jurídica y Filosofía del Derecho, vol 25 (Universidad Externado de Colombia: Bogotá, 2003), 246 pp.

Edited Book

• On the Nature of Legal Principles (Steiner: Stuttgart, 2010), 182 pp.

Articles and Chapters (Selection)

• ‘Justizrechte’ (‘Fundamental Rights in Legal Proceedings’), forthcoming in Handbuch Menschenrechte (‘Handbook on Human Rights’), G. Lohmann and A. Pollmann (eds) (Metzeler: Stuttgart, 2011), circa 15 pp.
• ‘Legal Pluralism in the European Union’, forthcoming in: A. J. Menendez and J. E. Fossum (eds), Law and Democracy in Neil D. MacCormick’s Legal and Political Theory (Springer: Vienna and New York, 2011), circa 30 pp.
• ‘Gewissen und Rechtspflicht’ (‘Conscience and Legal Obligation’) (2010) 27 Berliner Theologische Zeitschrift, 224-49.
• ‘Die materielle und formelle Polizeipflicht von Hoheitsträgern’ (‘The Material and Formal Preventive Powers of Police Authorities’) (2010) 101 Verwaltungsarchiv, 58-85
• ‘The Structure of Formal Principles’, in M. Borowski (ed), On the Nature of Legal Principles (Steiner: Stuttgart, 2010), 19-35
• ‘Die Drittwirkung vor dem Hintergrund der Transformation moralischer Menschenrechte in Grundrechte’ (‘Horizontal Effect of Fundamental and Human Rights against the Backdrop of the Transformation of Moral Rights into Legal Rights’), in H. J. Sandkühler (ed), Menschenrechte in die Zukunft Denken. 60 Jahre Allgemeine Erklärung der Menschenrechte (Nomos: Baden-Baden, 2009), 109-126.
• ‘Die Bindung an Festsetzungen des Gesetzgebers in der grundrechtlichen Abwägung’ (‘The Authority of Decisions of the Legislator in Balancing Fundamental Rights’), in L. Clerico and J.-R. Sieckmann (eds), Grundrechte, Prinzipien und Argumentation (Nomos: Baden-Baden, 2009), 99-128
  Translation into Spanish by Daniel Oliver Lalana: ‘La Sujeción a Determinaciones del Legislador en la Ponderación de Derechos Fundamentales’ (‘The Authority of Decisions of the Legislator in Balancing Fundamental Rights’), in L. Clerico, J.-R. Sieckmann, and D. Oliver-Lalana (eds), Derechos Fundamentales, Principios y Argumentación: Estudios Sobre La Teoría Jurídica De Robert Alexy (‘Fundamental Rights, Principles, and Argumentation: Studies on Robert Alexy’s Theory’) (Comares: Granada, 2011), 111-146
• Review of Sandra Fredman, Human Rights Transformed − Positive Rights and Positive Duties, (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2008), in (2009) 15 European Law Journal, 679-81
• ‘Commentary on the Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights from 3 May 2007, Application No. 71156/01, 97 Members of the Gldani Congegration of Jehovah’s Witnesses and 4 Others v. Georgia’ (2008) 10 Österreichisches Archiv für Recht und Religion, 97-110
• ‘Limiting Clauses’ (2007) 1 Legisprudence, 197-240
• ‘Classifying and Qualifying Properties of Fundamental Rights”, in A. Ollero (ed), Human Rights and Ethics (Steiner: Stuttgart, 2007), 37-45
  Translation into Portugese by Leonardo Carrilho: ‘Características Classificatórias e Qualificadoras dos Direitos Fundamentais’ (2009) 4 Revista de Direito do Estado, 119-131
• ‘Abwehrrechte als grundrechtliche Prinzipien’ (‘Negative Rights as Fundamental Rights’ Principles’), in J.-R. Sieckmann (ed), Die Prinzipientheorie der Grundrechte – Studien zur Grundrechtstheorie Robert Alexys (‘The Principles’ Theory of Constitutional Rights – Studies of Robert Alexy’s Doctrine of Fundamental Rights’) (Nomos: Baden-Baden, 2007), 81-104
  Translation into Spanish by Eduardo Sodero: ‘Derechos se Defensa Como Principios De Derecho Fundamental’, forthcoming in: J. Sieckmann (ed),  La Teoría Principialistade los Derechos Fundamentales. Estudios Sobre la Teoría de los Derechos Fundamentales de Robert Alexy (Marcial Pons: Madrid, Barcelona, and Buenos Aires, 2011), ca. 25 pp.
• ‘Die Lehre vom Stufenbau des Rechts nach Adolf Julius Merkl’ (‘Adolf Julius Merkl’s Doctrine of the Hierarchical Structure of the Law’), in S. L. Paulson and M. Stolleis (eds), Hans Kelsen als Staatsrechtslehrer und Rechtsphilosoph (Mohr Siebeck: Tübingen, 2005), 122-159
• ‘Die Glaubens- und Gewissensfreiheit in der Entwicklung der Grund- und Menschenrechte’ (‘Freedom of Religion and Conscience in the Development of Human and Constitutional Rights’) (2005) 14 Informationes Theologiae Europae. Internationales ökumenisches Jahrbuch für Theologie, 85-99
• ‘Die Nichtigkeitsklage gem. Art. 230 Abs. 4 EGV’ (‘The Action for Annulment according to Art. 230 para 4 EC’), in: (2004) Europarecht (‘European Law’), 879-910
• ‘The Beginnings of Germany’s Federal Constitutional Court’ (2003) 16 Ratio Juris, 155-186
• ‘Religious Freedom as a Fundamental Legal Right – A Rawlsian Perspective’, in A. Soeteman (ed), Pluralism and Law (Steiner: Stuttgart, 2003), 53-61
• ‘Grundrechtliche Leistungsrechte’ (‘Positive Rights as Fundamental Rights’), (2002) NF 50 Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts (‘Public Law Yearbook’), P. Häberle (ed), 301-328
• ‘Discourse Theory in International Law – Human Rights Through Discourse’ (2001) 44 German Yearbook of International Law, 38-71
• ‘Intendiertes Ermessen’ (‘Intended Discretion’) (2000) 115 Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt, 149-60
• ‘La Restricción de los Derechos Fundamentales’ (‘The Limitation of Basic Rights’) (2000) 20 Revista Española de Derecho Constitucional, 29-56
• ‘Parlamentsgesetzliche Änderungen volksbeschlossener Gesetze’ (‘Statutory Changes Reflecting a Decision Taken by Referendum’) (2000)53 Die Öffentliche Verwaltung, 481-91
• ‘Prinzipien als Grundrechtsnormen’ (‘Principles as Norms of Basic Rights’) (1998) 53 Zeitschrift für Öffentliches Recht, 307-335
  Translation into Korean by Jong-Sup Chong and Zin-Wan Park, (2003) 44 Seoul Law Journal, 248-28