This module will provide an outline of the major social changes that Africans encountered, experienced and initiated during the twentieth century. This will be approached through a series of themes (for example, ethnicity, gender, education, labour migration, crime), each illustrated by case studies from different parts of the continent. Emphasis will be placed on the agency exercised by Africans within the economic structures of the colonial and post-colonial periods; attention will also be paid to the sources and methods that historians have used to uncover this agency.