I received my PhD in Philosophy from the University of Cambridge in 1990, and was a lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Birmingham from 1991 until taking early retirement in January 2015.

I have taught undergraduate modules on moral philosophy, Schopenhauer and Spinoza at Birmingham, as well as modules on Berkeley and Nietzsche.

My principal research interests are the philosophy of mind (particularly the theory of action and the nature of rational deliberation); metaphysics (esp. the issues of universals, free will, and personal identity); Kant’s moral philosophy; the philosophies of Schopenhauer and Spinoza; and some areas in the philosophy of religion (esp. divine command theories of morality).