The texts

Primary sources

• Amir Dolatshah Samarqandi. Tazkirat al-shu’arā [Memoirs of Poets] ed. Edward Brown. Leiden: Brill [1900]
• ʻAbd al-Qāhir ibn ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Jurjānī. Kitāb Asrār al-balāgha [Secrets of Poetics] Translated from Arabic by Jalil Tajlil. Tehran: University of Tehran Press, 1361 [1982]
• Āghā Moḥammad Hādī Motarjem (d.1120/1708 – 09). Anwār al-balāgha [Illuminations of Poetics] ed. Muḥammad ‘Ali Qolami. Markaz-i farhangi nashr-i qebleh, 1376 [1997]
• Azad Bilgrami. Qazālānal-hend [The Indian deer] ed. Sirus Shamisa. Tehran: Ferdows, 1382 [2003]
• Luṭf ʻAlī ibn Āqā Khān Āz̲ar Baygdilī. Ātishkadah-ʼi Āz̲ar: taz̲kirah-ʼi shuʻarā-yi Fārsīʹzabān tā ākhir-i qarn-i davāzdahum-i Hijrī [The Fire-Temple of Azar: Memoirs of Persian poets to the end of the twelfth century hijra] ed. Jaʻfar Shahīdī. Tehran: Muʼassasah-i nashr-i kitāb, 1337 [1958]
• Maḥmūd Gāwān̲.  Manāẓir al-inshāʼ [Landscapes of composition] ed. Maʻṣūmah Maʻdanʹkan. Tehran: Farhangistān-i Zabān va adab-i Fārsī, 1381 [2002 or 2003]
• Mīrzā Abū Ṭāleb. Bayān-e badīʿ [The discourse of ornamentation] ed. Maryam Roẓātiān. Qom: Bostan-i kitab-i Qom: 1381 [2002]. This is seventeenth century abridged translation of Taftāzāni’s Al-mutawwal [The Long Interpretation]
• Mohammed ʿAwfi. Lobāb al-albāb [The Piths of Essences] ed. Edward Granville Browne and M M Qazvini. Leiden: Brill [1906]
• Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar Rādūyānī; Kitab tarjuman al-balagha [The Translator of Poetics] ed. Ahmed Ateş. Istanbul: I. Horoz Basımevi, [1949]
• Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar Rādūyānī;   Kitab tarjuman al-balagha [The Translator of Poetics] ed. Mohammad Javad Shari’at. Isfahan: Dozhanposht, 1386 [2007]
• Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Ṭūsī. Kitāb-i asās al-iqtibās [Book of borrowings] ed. Modarres Razavi. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Dānishgāh-i Tihrān, 1367 [1989]
• Nizamī-i Arūzī-i Samarqandī. Chahār Maqāla [Four Discourses] ed. Mohammad Mo'in, Originally edited by Mohammad Qazvinī. Tehran: Zawwār Bookshop [1955–57]
• Rashīd al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Vaṭvāṭ. Ḥadāyiq al-siḥr fī daqāyiq al-shiʼr [Gardens of Magic in the Nuances of Poetry] ed. ʻAbbās Iqbāl. Tehran: Maṭbaʻah-i majlis, 1308 [1930]
• Reẓā Qolīkhān Hedāyat. Madarij al-balaqa dar ‘ilm-i badi’ [Stages of poetics in the science of ornamentation] ed. Hamid Hasani Bahr. Tehran: Farhangestān-e zabān va adab-e farsi, 1384 [2005]
• Reẓā Qolīkhān Hedāyat. Majmʻa al-fuṣḥā [Compendium of eloquence] (6 volumes). ed. Maẓāhir Muṣaffā. Tehran: Enteshārāt-e amīr kabīr, 1336 [1957]
• Serāj-al-Dīn Akbarābādī Ārzū (1101–69/1689–1755). Mawhebat-e ʿoẓmā vaʿAṭīa-ye kobrā [The greater talent and the greater gift] ed. Sirous Shamisa. Tehran: Ferdows 1381 [2002]  
• Shams-i Qays. Kitāb al-muʻjam fī maʻāyīr ashʻār al-ʻajam [Glossary of Persian poetic norms] ed. Muḥammad Qazvīnī. Tehran: Chāpkhānah-i Dānishgāh 1338 [1959]
• Shams-i Qays. Kitāb al-muʻjam fī maʻāyīr ashʻār al-ʻajam [Glossary of Persian poetic norms] ed. Sirous Shamisa. Tehran: Ferdows 1388 [2008]
• Sharaf al-Dīn Rāmī. Anīs al-ʻushshāq. [Company of lovers] ed. ʻAbbās Iqbāl Tehran: Anjuman-i Nashr-i Ās̲ār-i Irān, 1325 [1947]
• Sharaf al-Dīn Rāmī. Ḥaqāyiq al-Ḥadāʼiq: ʻIlm-i badīʻ va ṣanāyiʻ shiʻrī dar zabān-i pārsī darī [Truths of Gardens: the science of ornamentation and the craft of poetry in the Dari language] ed. Mūḥammad kāẓim Imām. Tehran: University of Tehran Press, 1341 [1962]
• Muḥammad Abdul-Ghani Khān. Armaghān āsefī. ed. Muḥammad Abdul-hamid Khān [The gift of Asefi] Agra: 1386 [2007]
• Kamāl al-Din Hussain Vāez Kāshefī. Badā’ye’ al-afkār fi sanāye’ al-ash’ār [Novel ideas in the craft of poetry] ed. Mir Jalal al-Din Kazzazi. Tehran: Nashr-e markaz, 1369 [1990]
• Muḥammad Ḥusayn Shams al-ʻUlamā-yi Garakanī.  ‘Abdaʻ al-badāyiʻ: jāmiʻʹtarīn kitāb dar ʻilm-i badīʻ-i Fārsī [The novel of novels: the greatest book on the science of ornamentation in Persian] ed. Ḥusayn Jaʻfarī. Tabriz: Aḥrār-i Tabrīz, 1377 [1999]
• Najaf-qoli Mirza (Āqā Sardār). Dorre-i Najafī [Pearl of Najaf] ed. Ḥusayn Āhī. Tehran: publisher not identified, 1364 [1985]
• Imam ʻAli Varasteh. Farhang-i mustalahāt al-shuʻarā [Dictionary of poetic devices] Tehran: Muʼassasah-i pazhoheshay-i farhangi, 1364 [1985]
• Burhan al-Din Ata’ullah Maḥmoud Ḥusayni Nishapuri. Badāye’ al-fasā’īḥ [The Ornamentation of the Eloquent] ed. Rahim Musalmanian Qobadiani. Tehran: Bonyad-i mowqufat-i afshar, 1384 [2005]
• Burhān al-Dīn al-Marghīnānī. Al-Mahasin fi'l-nazm wa-'l-nathr [The beauties of poetry and prose] ed. Mohammad Fesharaki. Isfahan: Chapkhane-i parvin esfahan. n.d.
• ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad Tāj al-Ḥalāvī. Daqāʼiq al-shiʻr, ʻilm-i badīʻ va sanāyiʻ shiʻrī dar zabān-i Pārsī-i Darī [The Nuances of poetry, the science of ornamentation, and poetic devices in the Dari language] ed. Muḥammad Kāẓim Imām. Tehran: Dānishgāh-i Tihrān [1962]
• Jalāl-al-Dīn Homāʾī. Yāddāsht-hā-i ostād-i Allāma Jalāl-al-Dīn Homāʾī darbāre-i ma’āni va bayān [Memoirs of the teacher Jalāl-al-Dīn Homāʾī concerning [the devices] of literary meaning and discourse] ed. Mahdokht Banu Homa’i. Tehran: Homa, 1370 [1991]

Lithographs

• Mīr Shams-al-Dīn Faqīr-e Dehlavī (1141–83/1728–69). Ḥadāʾeq al-balāḡha [Gardens of Poetics] Lucknow: 1887
• ʿAlī-Akbar Nawāb Shīrāzī Besmel (1187–1263/1773–1846). Toḥfat al-safar le-nūr al-baṣar [Souvenir for the dear son]
• Mollā Mahdī Narāghī (d. 1209/1794–95). Noḵbat al-bayān [The best of discourse]
• ʿEṣām-al-Dīn Ebrāhīm Esferāʾenī. Resāla dar esteʿāra wa ḥaqīqat wa majāz [Treatise on metaphor, truth, and the imagination]

 Contemporary scholarship and textbooks

• ‘Abd al-Ḥusayn Āq Owlā. Durar al-adab [Pearls of literature] Shiraz: 1334 [1955]
• Mahmoud Neshat. Adāt-i tashbih dar zabān-i fārsi [The axis of comparison in Farsi] Tehran: publisher not identified, 1340 [1961]
• Muḥammad Khalīl Rajāʼī, Maʻālim al-balāghah dar ʻilm-i maʻānī va bayān va badīʻ. [Studying poetics in sciences of meaning, discourse, and ornamentation] Shīrāz: Intishārāt-i Dānishgāh-i Shīraz, 1340 [1961]
• Badīʻ al-Zamān Forūzanfar, Sokhan va Sokhanvarān [Poetic Discourse and Poets] Tehran: Nashriāt-i komision-e ma’ārif, 1318 [1939]
• Jalāl-al-Dīn Homāʾī. Fonūn-e balāḡat wa ṣenāʿat-e adabī. [The Arts of Rhetoric and the craft of literature] Tehran:  1354 [1975]
• Muḥammad Riz̤ā Shafīʻī Kadkanī. Ṣuvar-i khayāl dar shiʻr-i Fārsī: taḥqīq-i intiqādī dar taṭavvur-i īmāzhʹhā-yi shiʻr-i Pārsī [The imagery in Persian poetry: critical study of the development of images in Persian poetry] Tehran: Āgah, 1383 [2004]
• Muḥammad Pādshāh Shād. Farhang-i Ānandrāj [Dictionary of Ānandrāj] ed. Muḥammad Dabīr Siyāqī. Tehran: Kitābkhānah-i Khayyām, 1335-? [1956-1963]
• Nasrollah Tagavi. Hanjār-i Goftār [Norms of discourse] Tehran: Chapkhane-i majlis, 1317 [1938]
• Abū al-Qāsim Rādfar. Farhang-i balāghī-adabī: shāmili-i vāzhahʹhā, iṣṭilāḥāt, taʻbīrāt va mafāhīm [Glossary of literary and rhetorical terms] Tehran: Intishārāt-i Iṭṭilāʻāt, 1368 [1989]
• ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn Zarrīnʹkūb. Shiʻr-i bī durūgh, shiʻr-i bī niqāb: baḥs̲ dar funūn-i shāʻirī ... rājiʻ bishiʻr-i qadīm va shiʻr-i imrūz. [Poetry without lies, poetry without a veil: a discussion of the art of ancient poetry and of poetry today] Tehran: Jāvīdān, 1363 [1984]
• ʻAbd al-Ḥusayn Zarrīnʹkūb. Naqd-i adabī: justujū dar uṣūl va ravishhā va mabāḥis̲-i naqqādī bā bar'rasī dar tārīkh-i naqd va naqqādān [Literary criticism: a study of principles, methods and ideas in criticism] Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1361 [1982]
• Mir Jalal al-Din Kazzazi. Zibā shenāsī sokhan-e pārsī [The Aesthetics of the Persian discourse] (3 volumes; bayan, badi’, ma’ani). Tehran: Nashr-i Markaz, 1368
• Ḥusayn Muḥammad Shah Shahab Ansari. Kanz al-favā’id [Treasury of Virtues] Madras University, 1956
• Sirous Shamisa. Naqd-i adabi [Literary criticism] Tehran: Ferdows, 1384 [2005]
• Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Ṭūsī. Kitāb-i asās al-iqtibās [Foundation of adaptation] ed. Azizallah Alizadeh. Tehran: Ferdows, 1389 [2010]
• Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Ṭūsī. Bāz-negāri-e kitāb-i asās al-iqtibās [Rewriting foundation of adaptation] ed. Mustafa Borujerdi. Tehran: Sazman-e chap va entesharat-e vezarat-e farhang va ershad-e eslami, 1380 [2001]
• Behrouz Sarvatian. Shams-i Qays. Bāznevīsī va naghd-i kitāb al-muʻjam fī maʻāyīr ashʻār al-ʻajam ta’līf-i Shams-i Qays [Rewriting and criticizing Shams-i Qays’s glossary of Persian poetic norms] Tehran: Sabzan 1387 [2008]
• Shams-i Qays. Dar ma’rifat-i she’r: guziday-i al-muʻjam fī maʻāyīr ashʻār al-ʻajam [In the wisdom of poetry: Selected glossary of Persian poetic norms] ed. Sirous Shamisa. Tehran: Sokhan 1374 [1995]
• Mohsen Zaker-al-hussaini. Farhang-i Shams-i Qays, bargerefteh az al-muʻjam fī maʻāyīr ashʻār al-ʻajam [Dictionary of Shams-i Qays from his glossary of Persian poetic norms] Tehran: Farhangestan-i zaban va adab-i farsi 1379 [2000]
• Nizamī-i Arūzī-i Samarqandī. Az chahār maqāla [From Four articles] ed. Zabih-allah Safa. Tehran: Amir kabir, 1362 [1983]
• ---. Bar-goziday-i chahār maqāla [Selections from Four articles] ed. Reza Izadi. Tehran: Eshraghi, 1368 [1989]
• ---. Chahār Maqāla [Four Articles] ed. Sa’id Gharehbagloo, Reza Anzabi-nezhad, Originally edited by Mohammad Qazvinī. Tehran: Jami, 1380 [2006]
• Gholam-hussain Rezanezhad Nooshin. Osul-i elm-i balagha dar zaban-i farsi [Principles of Persian rhetoric] Tehran: al-Zahra, 1367 [1988]
• Sirous Shamisa. Nigah-i tazeh be badi’ [A fresh outlook on figures of speech] Tehran: Ferdows, 1381 [2002]
• Sirous Shamisa. Bayan [Literary discourse] Tehran: Mitra, 1392 [2013]
• Sirous Shamisa. Bayan va ma’āni [Literary discourse and meaning] Tehran: Ferdows, 1374 [1995]
• Siyalkouti mal varaste. Javab -e shafi [A treatise in literary criticism] ed. Sirous Shamisa. Tehran: Allameh Tabataba’i University Press, 1383 [2004]
• Sirous Shamisa. Ma’āni [Literary meaning] Tehran: Mitra, 1386 [2007]
• Mohammad Fesharaki. “Ma’āni-e bayan-e farsi ba ravesh-e jadid” [Persian rhetoric: a new methodology] in Majmu’e maghalat-e charomin kogerey-e tahghighat-e irani. ed. Mohammad Hossein Eskandari. Shiraz: Pahlavi University Press, 1353 [1973], pp. 237–255

Prepared by Ceyhun Arslan (Koç University)

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Arabic Balāgha references

• Abdul-Raof, Hussein. Arabic Rhetoric: A Pragmatic Analysis. Culture and Civilization in the Middle East. London: Routledge, 2006.
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• al-Jurjānī, `Abd al-Qāhir. Asrār al-balāgha. The mysteries of eloquence. Ed.  Helmut  Ritter.  Istanbul, 1954.
• al-Jurjānī, Abd al-Qāhir. Dalā´il al-i`jāz. Ed. Maḥmūd Muḥammad Shākir. Cairo, 1984.
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• Swartz, Merlin L. “Arabic Rhetoric and the Art of the Homily in Medieval Islam.” In R. G. Hovannisian and G. Sabbagh (eds.), Religion and Culture in Medieval Islam. Cambridge, (1999): 39–65.
• Walker, Paul J. The Orations of the Fatimid Caliphs: Festival Sermons of the Ismaili Imams. London, 2009
• Woerther, Frédérique, ed. Literary and Philosophical Rhetoric in the Greek, Roman, Syriac, and Arabic Worlds. Europaea Memoria. Reihe 1, Studien, Bd. 66. Hildesheim, NY: Olms, 2009.

Early Modern Urdu Poetic poetics –I (1250-1450)

Primary sources

• Khusrau, Amir Yamin ud-Din  [1317–1318] 1948. Nuh sipihr (Persian). Edited by Vahid Mirza.Calcutta: Oxford University Press, for the Islamic Research Association. (The date givenon the English title page is 1949.)
• ….[1294] 1975. Dibachah-i ghurrat al-kamal (Persian). Edited by Vazir ul-Hasan ‘Abidi. Lahore: National Book Foundation.
• Bajan,Shaikh Baha ud Din ( 1388-1506) Khaza’in –e- rahmatullah (Treasures of divine mercy and compassion) (nd)
• Nizami, Fakhr-e Din. [1421–1434] 1979. Maùnavi kadam ra’o padam ra’o (Urdu). Edited byJamil Jalibi. Delhi: Educational Publishing House.

Early Modern Urdu Poetic Poetics-II  (1600-1700)

• Vaj’hi, Mulla. [1609–1610](1659 d.) 1991. Qutb mushtari (Urdu). Edited by Tayyab Ansari.
• Gulbarga: Maktabah-e Rifah-e-‘Am.
• ………. Sab Rass1952 edited by Moulvi Abdul Haq. Karachi:Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu
• Nusrati Bijapuri.(1474 d.) 1959. Ali namah (Urdu). Edited by Abd ul-Majid Siddiqi. Hyderabad:
• Salar Jung Dakani Publishing Committee.
• …………….Masnavi Gulshan-e-Ishq Nusrati 1952 ed. Moulvi Abdul Haq  Karachi:Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu, Pakistan
• Vali Deccani.(1667-1720/25) [1945] 1996. Kulliyat-e Vali (Urdu). Edited by Nur ul-Hasan Hashmi. Lahore: Al Vaqar Publications.
• Khub Muhammad Chishti, Shaikh.(1614 fl) [1578] 1993. Khub tarang (Urdu). Edited by ‘Ali Ja’fri. Gandhi Nagar: Gujarat Urdu Academy.
• …..Amwaaj-e-Khubi.(Persian)1572 Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu, Pakistan. Karachi
• Janam, Shah Burhanuddin. 1582. Kalma’t-ul-Haqa’iq. Karachi:Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu
• Gujra’ti, Ameen. 1697. Yusuf Zulaikha. Karachi:Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu

Secondary sources

• Haq, Moulvi Abdul. Qadeem Urdu (Old Urdu). 1961. Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu, Pakistan. Karachi
• ………Nusrati:Mulkal Shura’I Bijapur kay hala’t o kalam per tabsra.1952 Karachi: Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu
• ………1953.Urdu ki Nashvou Nama’a main Sufia’a ka kaam. Karachi: Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu
• Jalbi, Dr Jamil. 1971. Divan-e-Hasan Shauqi. Karachi: Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu
• Fatehpuri, Dr Farman. 1971. Urdu ki Manzoom Dastanian. Karachi: Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu
• Chand, Dr Gayan. 1978. Urdu ki Nasri Dastanain. Karachi: Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu
• Qadri, Syed Shamas-u-Ullah. 1930. Urdu-e-Qadeem. Hyderabad: Taj Press
• Hashmi, Naseerudin. 1960. Deccan main Urdu. Karachi: Urdu Academy Sindh
• Gayani, Abadullah. 1966. Guru Granth aur Urdu. Lahore: Markazi Urdu Board
• Qasmi, Hafiz Abdul Qudoos, 1967. Khair-ul-Bayiaan. Peshawar: Pashto Academy, Peshawar University
• Khan, Ghulam Mustafa. 1957. Ilmi Naqoosh. Karachi: A’la Kutab Khana Nazimababd
• Zor, Dr Mohiyodeen,Deccani Adab ki Mukhtasar Tarikh 1960. Karachi: Urdu Academy Sindh
• Khan, Masood Hussain, Dr. Qadeem Urdu (Vol 1) 1965, Hyderabad: Department of Urdu Usmania University
• ………. Qadeem Urdu (Vol 2) 1967, Hyderabad: Department of Urdu Usmania University
• …………. Qadeem Urdu (Vol 3) 1969, Hyderabad: Department of Urdu Usmania University
• Fraser, Sir James. Sha’kih-e-Zarreen, (Vol 1). 1965 Trans. Ijaz, Syed Zakir. Lahore: Majlas-e-Taraqi-e-Adab
• …. Sha’kih-e-Zarreen, (Vol 2). 1965 Trans. Ijaz, Syed Zakir. Lahore: Majlas-e-Taraqi-e-Adab
• Jalibi, Jamil. 1971 Qadeem Urdu ki Lughat. Karachi: Anjaman-e-Taraqi-Urdu
• Sri, Dr Ram. 1967. Deccani Zaban ka Aghaaz-o-Irtaqa. Trans. Ghulam Rasool. Hyderabad:Andrah Perdesh. Sahitya Academy

Tazkirahs 1720-1910

Primary Sources

• Mir, Muhammad Taqi..[1752] 1972. Nikat al-shu’ara (Persian). Edited by Mahmud Ilahi. Delhi: Idarah-e Tasnif.
• Chandpuri, Qaim. 1929. Makhzan-e-Nakat. Aurangabad: Anjaman-e-Taraqi-Adab, 
• Hasan,Mir . [1774–1778] 1922. Tazkirah-i shu’ara (Persian). Edited by Maulvi Habib
• ur-Rahman Khan Sharvani. Aligarh: Anjuman Taraqqi-e Urdu.
• Mus-hafi, Shaikh Ghulam Hamadani. [1794–1795] 1933. Tazkirah-e Hindi (Persian). Edited by Maulvi  Abd ul-Haq. Aurangabad: Anjuman Taraqqi-e Urdu.
• Hayee, Syed Abdul. 1970. Gul-e-Ra’na. Azamgarh: Dar-ul-Masannifeen
• Azad, Muhammad Husain. [1880] 1967. Ab-e hayat (Urdu). Calcutta: ‘Uumaniyah Book Depot.
• ———. [1880] 2001. Ab-e hayat: Shaping the Canon of Urdu Poetry. Translated by Frances W. Pritchett, with S. R. Faruqi. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Secondary sources

• Fatehpuri, Farman: Tazkiroon ka number(Urdu): Nigaar Pakistan (May and June) 1964 : Nigaar
• Pakistan:32  Garden Market Karachi: International Press
• Abdullah, Syed. 1953. Shura Urdu kay Tazkaray aur Tazkira Nigari ka fan, Lahore: Maktaba e Jadeed
• Russell, Ralph, and Khurshidul Islam.1969. Three Mughal Poets: Mir, Sauda, Mir Hasan. London: Allen and Unwin

Age of Transition and Change I (1857-1914)

Primary sources

• Ghalib, M. A. K., & Fārūqī, K. A. (1970). Dastanbūy: a diary of the Indian revolt of 1857/by Mirza
• Asadullah Khan Ghalib; translated from the original persian with a critical introduction, glossary and notes by Khwaja Ahmad Faruqi. Asia Pub. House.
• .. … Urdu Letters of Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib. 1987. Edited and translated by Daud Rahbar. Albany: State University of New York Press
• Khan, Sir. Syed. Ahmad. (1883). Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind. [Causes of the Indian Revolt]. Trans. GFI Graham and Auckland Colvin. Delhi: Anjamam-Taraqi-Urdu
• Hali, Khvajah Altaf Husain. [1893] 1953. Muqaddamah-e shi’r o sha’iri (Urdu). Allahabad: Ram Nara’in Lal.
• .…. .Hayat-i-Javed. (1901) Translated by K. H. Qadiri and David Matthews. Delhi: Rupa and Company 1974 Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i-Delli,1979
• Naumani, Shibli Maulana. 1989. Maqalat e Shibli (Essays of Shibli) Vol.5, Ed. Sayyid Suleman Nadvi. Islamabad: National Book Foundation
• …………She’r-ul-Ajam. Azamgarh: Darul Masanaifeen.
• …………. Mau’zana Anee u Dabeer. Lahore; Haji Farman Ali and Sons
• Azad, Muhammad Husain. 1880.Nairang-e khiyal (Urdu), 1987 . (The wonder-world of thought). Edited by Malik Ram. New Delhi: Maktabah Jami'ah,

• Secondary sources

• Russell, Ralph. 2015. The Famous Ghalib: The Sound of My Moving Pen. Delhi: Roli BooksPrivate Limited
• Russell, Ralph, ed. 1972. Ghalib: The Poet and His Age. London: George Allen and Unwin
• Russell, Ralph, and Khurshidul Islam, ed. and trans·1969 Ghalib: Life and Letters London: George Allen and Unwin
• Muhammad, Shan. (1972). Writings and Speeches of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (pp. 1864-1898).Bombay: Nachiketa Publications.
• Graham, G. F. I. (1885). Life and Work of Syed Ahmed Khan. London: William Blackwood and Sons.
• Malik Ram. Hali.1982. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi
• . . …………Nazm-e- Azad (The poetry of Azad).1978. Edited by Tabassum Kashmiri. Lahore:Maktabah 'Aliyah
• Sadiq, Dr Muhammad, 1972. Muhammad Hussain Azad, Ahw’al o Ass’ar; Lahore; Majlas eTaraqi e Adab,
• Agha Haider, Syed.1964. Matala-e-Aab-e-Hayat, Lahore: Sange Meele Publications
• Farkhi, Aslam. 1965. Dr Muhammad Hussain Azad, ( Vol 1,11), Karachi: Anjaman  Taraqi –e-Urdu Pakistan

Age of Transition and Change II (1915-1935)

• Saleem,Waheeddudin. Afa’daat-e-Saleem. Ed. Moulvi Sarda’r Ali. Hyderabad Deccan: SaheefaPress
• Asar, Imdad Imam. Kashaful Haqaiq,1982. ed. Wahab Ashrafi. New Delhi; Qaumi Council baray
• Faroog e Urdu Zaban
• Afa’di, Mehdi. Afadaat-e-Mehdi.1958 Ed. Mehdi Begum. Aligarh: Sir Syed Book Depot

Iqbal ki Tehreek- (1905-1938)

• Iqbal, Allama Iqbal. 2012.TheReconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam.Lahore: IqbalAcademy
• …………………………… Haraf-e-Iqbal ed. 1947. Latif Ahmad Sherva’ni, Lahore: AlamnaraAkadamy
• ……………………………Khutbaat-e-Iqbal. 1946. Comp. Razia Farhat Bano, Delhi: HaliPublishing House
• ……………………………Shuzra’at-e-Fikr-e-Iqbal,1973. Ed. Dr Javed Iqbal. Trans. Iftikhar
• Ahmad Siddiqi, Lahore: Majlas Taraq-e-Adab
• Hakeem, Dr Khalifa Abdul.1988. Fikr-e-Iqbal. Lahore: Bazam-e-Iqbal

Research and Criticism (Tehqeeq–o-Tanqeed)-1935-1950

• Haq, Moulvi Abdul.1939.Tanqeedaat-e-Abdul Haq. Delhi: Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu(Hind)
• ……………1939 Khutbaat-e-Abdul Haq. Delhi: Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu(Hind)
• ……………1953.Urdu ki Nashvou Nama’a main Sufia’a ka kaam. Karachi: Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu.
• ………. ….1961Qadeem Urdu (Old Urdu). 1961. Karachi: Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu
• ……………1964 Maqadma’t e Abdul Haq. ed Ibadat Brelvi. Lahore: Urdu Markaz
• Sherani, Hafiz Mahmud. 1966. Maqalat-e sherani (Urdu). 2 vols. Edited by Mazhar Mahmud Sherani. Lahore: Majlis Taraqqi-e Adab.
• Qadri, Hamid Hasan. Adabi Maqalat. 2002. New Delhi: Liberty Art Press
• Drya’aba’di, Abdul Majid. 1969.Maqa’la’t-e-Majid. Bombay: Kutab Khana Taj Office
• Zor, Dr MuhayyaduDin Qadri.1925. Rooh-e-Tanqeed, Hyderabad: Shamas-ul- Ulema Press,

Aesthetic and Impressionist Criticism  (Jamaliyati  aur Tasrati  Tanqeed)- (1901- to-date)

• Bajnauri, Abdur Rehman.2005. Ma’hsan e Kalam e Ghalib, Lakhnow, UP:Urdu Academy
• Gorakhpuri, Majnoon.1955. Naqoosh e ifka’r. Luknow: Adara’y Faroog e Urdu,
• ……………….1969. Adab aur Zindgi, Karachi: Maktaba e Daniyal
• ……………….1966. Tarikh e Jamaliyat, Karachi: Maktaba’-e-eAzam-o-Amal
• Askari, Muhammad Hasan, 1953. Asaan aur Adami, Lahore: Maktaba-e-Jadeed
• …………..1963. Sitara ya Ba’dba’n, Karachi: Maktaba Saatrang
• Fatehpuri, Niaz. 2005. Intaqaadia’t, Lahore: Alvatar Publications
• Gorakhpuri, Firakh.1956. Anda’zay. Lahore: Adar’a e Faroog e Urdu
• ;………………….1939.Urdu ki Ishqiyah Shairee . Karachi: Publication House
• Afsar, Hamidullah.1964. Tanqeedi Asool aur Nazriyay, Kohinoor Publications, Lahore
• Sharif, Muhammad.1963. Jamaliyat kay Teen Nazriyay. Lahore: Majlas-e-Taraqi-e-Adab

Marxist and Progressive Movement (Marksi/Taraqi Pasand Tehreek)-(1936-1954)

• Rai Puri, Dr Akhtar Hussain, 1958. Adab aur Inqilab, Mumbai; National Information and
• Publications
• Ahmad, Aziz.1993. Taraqi Passand Adab, Multan: Sadar, Karvan e Adab.
• Ja’fari, Ali Sardar. 1957. Taraqi Passand Adab, Aligarh: Anjaman e Taraqi Hind
• Brelvi, Ibadat. 1956. Urdu Tanqeed ka Irtiqa, Karachi: Anjaman e Taraqi e Urdu Pakistan
• Faiz: Majeed, S. (2005). Culture and Identity: Selected English Writings of Faiz. Karachi: OUP.
• Hussain, Mumtaz. 1985. Naqad-e-Haraf. Karachi: Maktaba Asloob
• Hasan, Muhammad.1954. Adabi Tanqeed, Lukhnow: Adaray Faroog e Urdu
• ……………………..1989. Haie’eti Tanqeed, Lahore: Karvan Adab
• Saroor, Aal-e- Ahmad.1956. Tanqeed Kia Hay, Dehli: Maktaba Jamia
• Abdullah, Syed. 1969.Vali say Iqbal Tak(From Vali to Iqbal). Lahore: Maktaba Khyaban
• ……………..1969. Vajhi say Abdul Haq Tak (From Vajhi to Abdul Haq) Lahore: Maktaba Khyaban
• Azeem, Waqar.1997 Fann-e-Afs’ana Nigaari. Aligarh: Educational Book House
• Sidiqi, Abul Lai’s.1970. Aaj Ka Urdu Adab. Karachi: Feroze Sons Limited
• Zaheer, Sajjad Syed.1982. Marxi Falsafa, Lahore: People’s Publishing  House
• ...…..1956.Roshnai, Lahore: Maktab-e-Urdu. The Light: OUP 2006
• Ahmad Kaleemuddin.1957 Urdu Tanqeed par aik nazar. Lahore: Ishrat Publishing House
• ………………….…..1985.Urdu Sha’iree per aik nazar. Patna: Book Emporium.
• Hussain,Ihtesham. 1994. Jadeed Adab, Manzar aur pass e manzar. Lakhnow: UP, Urdu Academy
• …………..…..1955. Zoq –e- Adab aur Shaour, Lakhnow: Adar’ay Faroog e Urdu.
• ………….…..1948. Adab aur Samaj. Mumbai: Kutab Publisher Ltd
• ………….….1957. Rawait aur Bhagawat. Lukhnow: Adara e Faroog e Urdu.
• Amjad, Rasheed Dr. 1995. Meera Ji; Shakhsiat aur Fan, Lahore; Maghrabi Pakistan Urdu Academy

Psychoanalysis (Nafsiyati Tanqeed)- (1921-2017)

• Ruswa, Mirza Hadi. Mirza Ruswa kay Tanqeedi Maraalaat. ed. by Dr Muhammad Hasan. Aligarh:Idara-I Tasneef
• Agha, Dr Wazir. 2007. Imtiza’ji Tanqeed ka Sciencee aur Fikri Tan’zar. Lahore: Urdu ScienceBoard
•    …….1989. Tanqeed aur Jadeed Urdu Tanqeed. Karachi: Anjaman e Taraqi e Urdu (Pakistan)
•    ..….1998. Ma’ani aur Tanazar. Sargodha: Martabi Nardbaan
• Askari, Muhammad Hasan. 1963. Sitara ya Ba’dba’n. Karachi: Maktaba Saatrang
• …………………………:1972. Ansaan aur Adami. Alahabad Israar Kareemi Press
• Akhtar, Saleem Dr. 1997. Tanqeedi Dabastan. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications
• ………………….1997. Maghrab Main Nafsiyati Tanqeed, Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications
• Ahmad, Saleem.1962. Nai Nazam aur Poora Adami. Karachi: Adabi Academy
• Saleem, Wahiddudeen. 1972. Afaadat-e-Saleem. Delhi: Maktaba-e-Jamia Ltd.
• Riaz Ahmad. 1961. Tanqeedi Masa’il. Lahore: Urdu Book Stall
•  ………………..1982  Riazatayn Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1982
• Naunehravi,Shabeeh-ul-Hassan.1958  Tanqeed o Tehleel , Luckhnow:Adara Farog-e-Urdu

Stylistic Criticism (Asloobiyati Tanqeed) (1965- to-date)

• Khan, Masood Hussain. 1966. She’r-o-Zaba’n, Hyderabad Deccan
• …………………Iqbal ki Nazri aur Amli She’riyat, Iqbal Institute, Kashmir University, Srinagar
• Narang,Dr  Gopichand.1989.Delhi: Adabi Tanqeed aur Asloobiat,  Educational Publishing House
• …………………1989 Delhi:Asloobiyat-e-Mir.Educational Publishing House
• ……………………1993..Sakhtiyat pass’y Sakhtiyat aur Mashraqi Sairiy’at, Lahore: Sange Meel Publications
• Baig, Dr Mirza Khalil.1985 Aligarh: Zabaan kay Asloob aur Asloobiyat, Adaara’-e-Zabaan-o-Asloob
• Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman. 1990-1992 Shi'r-e shor angez: ghazaliyat-e Mir ka intikhab aur
• mufassal mutali'ah (Passionate poetry: A selection and detailed analysis of the ghazals of Mir). 4 vols. New Delhi: Taraqqi Urdu Bureau
• ……………………….1968. Lafaz-o-Ma’ani. Alla’abad Shab Khoon Kitaab Ghar , Alla’abad Faruqi, Shamsur Rehman. Tanqeedi Afqar. Delhi; Qaumi Council bra’y Faroog e Urdu Zaban
• ……………1999.Urdu ka Ibtadi Zamana, Karachi;Aaj
• ………….2004 Tabeer ki Sharah, Karachi; Academy Bazyafat
• Farooqi Ahsan.1967 Urdu main Tanqeed, Lahore: Ishrat Publishing House
• Roudalvi, Sharab.2002 Jadeed Urdu Tanqeed,Asool u Nazriat. Lakhnow: UP Urdu Akadami
• Siddiqi, Muhammad Ali.1976 Tav’azan, Karachi, Adara e Asray Nau
• Qureshi, Dr Waheed.6197 Tanqeedi Muta’lay, Lahore: Maktab e Karvan

History and general books

• Pollock, Sheldon. (Ed.). (2003). Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia. Univ of California Press.
• Behl, Aditya. (2016). Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379-1545. London:Oxford University Press.
• King, Christopher. 1994. One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
• Tassy, Garcin de.1870  Histoire de la Hindouie et  Hindoustanie … 
• Saksena, Ram Babu.1946  History of Urdu Literature (English) 1927. Tariwh-e adab-e urdu (Urdu). Translated by Mirza Muhammad Askari. Lucknow: Naval Kishor Press.
• Schimmel, Annemarie. 1975. Classical Urdu Literature from the Beginning to Iqbal. Vol. 8, fasc. 3 of History of Indian Literature, edited by Jan Gonda. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
• Bailey, T. Grahame. 1938. Studies in North Indian Languages. London: Lund Humphries & Co. Ltd
• Frazer, R.W. [1898] 1915. A Literary History of India. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
• Matthews, D. J., C. Shackle, and Shahrukh Husain.1985 Urdu Literature. London: Urdu Markaz
• Mir, Muhammad Taqi. [1783] 1928. Zikr-i Mir (Persian). Edited by Maulvi ‘Abd ul-Haq. Aurangabad: Anjuman Taraqqi-e Urdu
• Sadiq, Muhammad.1964 A History of Urdu Literature. 2d ed. Delhi: Oxford University Press, Qadri, Hamid Hasan. 1938. Dasta’n-e-Tarikh-e-Urdu. Delhi:A’kif Book Depot
• Jalibi, Dr Jamil. (1977). Tarikh-e-adab urdu. Majlas e Taraqi e Adab: Lahore: Educational Publishing House. (Vol 1-4)
• Akhtar, Saleem. (2000). Urdu adab ki Mukhtasar Tareen Tareekh  or Briefest History of Urdu Literature.Lahore: Sang e Meel  20^th Edition
• Sadeed, Dr. Anwar (1998). Urdu adab ki mukhtsar tareekh.Islamabad: Maqtadra Qaumi Zabab
• Ali, Ahmed.1973. The golden tradition: an anthology of Urdu poetry. No. 8. Columbia University Press.
• Raja, Masood Ashraf. (2010). Constructing Pakistan: foundational texts and the rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857-1947. Oxford University Press.
• Coppola, C. (2017). Urdu Poetry, 1935-1970: The Progressive Episode. Oxford University Press.
• Zaidi, Ali Jawad. A History of Urdu Literature, Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 1993
• Busch, Allison. (2011). Poetry of kings: The classical Hindi literature of Mughal India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Hasan, Dr Muhammad. 1955. Hindi Adab ki Tarikh. Aligarh:Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Adab
• Ram, Malik.1982. Tazkirah-e-Mua’sreen New Delhi: Maktaba-e-Jamia
• Saleem,Waheeddudin. Waz’e Istilahaat.1980. Delhi:Taraqi-e-Urdu Bureau
• Rasheed, Mumtaz-ul-. 1974 Asnaaf-e-Sukhun: Maravja Nazam ki Qismain. Kutab Khana Delhi: Anjaman-e-Taraqi-e-Urdu.
• Ikram-u-Din, Khawaja Muhammad. Urdu ki Shairi Asnaf.Educational Publishing House Delhi,
• Chand, Gayan. Adabi Asnaf.1989. Gandhi Nagar: Gujrat Urdu Akadamy
• Qadri, Hamid Hassan. 2003 The Oriental Rhetoric. Delhi:Bharat Offset Press 

Prosody

• Gilchrist,John.1962  Rasalah Qavaid Zaban-e-Urdu, Trans. Khalil-ur-Rehman Daudi, Lahore: Majlas Taraqi-e-Adab Urdu
• Pritchett, Frances W., and Khaliq Abroad Khaliq. 1987. Urdu Meter: A Practical Handbook. Madison: South Asian Studies, University of Wisconsin.
• Pybus, G. D. A 1924.Textbook of Urdu Prosody and Rhetoric. Lahore: Rama Krishna and Sons
• Sidiqee, Dr. Abul La’is. 1971. Jamay-ul-Qava’id. Lahore: Markazi Urdu Board. Lahore