Dr Aditya (Adi) Kale BMedSci MBChB

Dr Aditya (Adi) Kale

Department of Inflammation and Ageing
Clinical Research Fellow

Contact details

Telephone
+44 (0)121 371 8132
Email
a.kale@bham.ac.uk
Twitter
@A_U_Kale
View my research portal
Address
Department of Inflammation and Ageing
University of Birmingham
Edgbaston
Birmingham
B15 2TT

Dr Kale studied medicine (with an intercalated management degree) at the University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences (now the College of Medicine and Health) and graduated in 2019. He completed his foundation training in University Hospitals Birmingham and Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trusts. Following foundation training, Dr Kale is now undertaking doctoral research in the evaluation and regulation of AI as a medical device under the supervision of Dr Xiaoxuan Liu and Professor Alastair Denniston. Dr Kale has worked regulators such as the MHRA and CQC on matters relating to AI safety monitoring and incident reporting.

Alongside this, Dr Kale spent two years working for an innovation accelerator (DEMAND HUB) supporting SMEs in, or looking to enter the medical technologies market. Dr Kale led a variety of projects such as usability testing of novel technologies, rapid reviews and market analysis, and priority setting based on qualitative research methods.

Dr Kale is also now an NIHR Academic Clinical Fellow (ACF) in Radiology in the West Midlands. This post is a competitive national training post with a pathway to qualifying as a Radiology consultant. The post supports continued research and academic development whilst training as a Radiologist.

Qualifications

  • MBChB, University of Birmingham, 2013-2019
  • BMedSci (Hons) in Healthcare Leadership and Management, University of Birmingham, 2017-2018

Biography

Dr Adi Kale is a clinical research fellow at the University of Birmingham with an intercalated degree in Healthcare Management and Leadership. His research has involved a range of fields including medical imaging, patient safety, and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare.

Dr Kale is currently conducting doctoral research focused on the monitoring of AI health technologies in the post-market phase. He is working with Dr Xiaoxuan Liu and Professor Alastair Denniston, to understand how safety monitoring of AI as a medical device should be undertaken once deployed in clinical settings.

Dr Kale’s academic work has included:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of deep learning performance versus health-care professionals in detecting diseases from medical imaging. This study informed the development of the CONSORT-AI and SPIRIT-AI reporting guidelines for clinical trials and trial protocols.
  • Ongoing systematic reviews of adverse event reporting in randomised clinical trials of clinical AI technologies and real-world use (including examination of regulatory databases).
  • Mixed methods research of audit-based AIaMD safety monitoring using the Medical Algorithmic Audit framework.
  • Co-lead for a workshop held at the CQC involving various national bodies such as the MHRA, NICE, HSSIB, NHS England digital safety team, and the NHS AI and Digital Regulations Service. “Autonomous incidents: Exploring strategies for monitoring, understanding and learning from failure in autonomous systems.”

Dr Kale spent two years working for an innovation accelerator (DEMAND HUB). Examples of projects included:

  • Usability testing of a mobile electronic health record system. This involved a mixed methods project to identify safety issues and potential device improvements based on the opinions of multidisciplinary healthcare staff.
  • Rapid reviews and market analysis for the development of various medical technologies such as medication adherence tools and wearable devices for vital sign monitoring.
  • Priority setting activities such as surveys, literature reviews and facilitation of discussion between device manufacturers and clinical staff.

Research

Research interests


• Clinical AI safety monitoring: Detection and reporting of AI errors and patient harms
• Evaluation and regulation of AI as a Medical Device
• Image based diagnostic tests

Current projects


• Systematic reviews of Clinical AI errors and adverse events
• Mixed methods analysis of an AI safety monitoring framework

Other activities

  • Dr Kale has contributed to CQC and MHRA discussions around the regulation of AI as a Medical device. Dr Kale also co-hosted a workshop at the CQC with Prof Carl Macrae to inform CQC inspection plans for AI enabled clinical pathways.
  • Dr Kale has been involved in various AI implementation projects since 2022 and has delivered independent performance reports of an AI diagnostic tool to senior leadership within University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (UHB). Dr Kale continues to guide the deployment and monitoring of various AIaMDs. As part of this, Dr Kale sits on the UHB smart diagnostics committee who review AI and Digital Health solutions relating to diagnostics.
  • Dr Kale is currently a member of the HDR UK Impact Committee. The committee meets monthly online and helps HDR UK capture and communicate its impacts.
  • Dr Kale teaches on the Clinical AI Fellowship (AI Centre for Value Based Healthcare), delivering workshops on post-market safety monitoring and supervising AI fellows.

Publications

Recent publications

Article

Davenport, C, Richter, A, Hillier, B, Scandrett, K, Agarwal, R, Baldwin, SW, Kale, AU, Alderman, J, Macdonald, T & Deeks, JJ 2025, 'Direct-to-consumer self-tests sold in the UK in 2023: cross sectional review of information on intended use, instructions for use, and post-test decision making', BMJ, vol. 390, e085546. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-085546

Hillier, B, Deeks, JJ, Alderman, J, Kale, AU, Macdonald, T, Baldwin, SW, Scandrett, K, Agarwal, R, Richter, A & Davenport, C 2025, 'Direct-to-consumer self-tests sold in the UK in 2023: cross sectional review of regulation and evidence of performance', BMJ, vol. 390 , e085547. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-085547

Courtie, E, Mallawaarachchi, G, Kale, AU, Gilani, A, Capewell, N, Holding, D, Hui, BTK, Liu, X, Laws, E, Logan, A, Whitehouse, T, Denniston, AK, Veenith, T & Blanch, RJ 2026, 'Retinal Perfusion and Injury in Sepsis and after Major Surgery', Ophthalmology Science, vol. 6, no. 1, 100890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2025.100890

Kale, AU, Dattani, R, Tabansi, A, Hogg, HDJ, Pearson, R, Glocker, B, Golder, S, Waring, J, Liu, X, Moore, DJ & Denniston, AK 2024, 'AI as a Medical Device Adverse Event Reporting in Regulatory Databases: Protocol for a Systematic Review', JMIR Research Protocols, vol. 13, e48156. https://doi.org/10.2196/48156

Ong, AY, Hogg, HDJ, Kale, AU, Taribagil, P, Kras, A, Dow, E, Macdonald, T, Liu, X, Keane, PA & Denniston, AK 2024, 'AI as a Medical Device for Ophthalmic Imaging in Europe, Australia, and the United States: Protocol for a Systematic Scoping Review of Regulated Devices', JMIR Research Protocols, vol. 13, e52602. https://doi.org/10.2196/52602

Martindale, APL, Ng, B, Ngai, V, Kale, AU, Ferrante di Ruffano, L, Golub, RM, Collins, GS, Moher, D, McCradden, MD, Oakden-Rayner, L, Rivera, SC, Calvert, M, Kelly, CJ, Lee, CS, Yau, C, Chan, A-W, Keane, PA, Beam, AL, Denniston, AK & Liu, X 2024, 'Concordance of randomised controlled trials for artificial intelligence interventions with the CONSORT-AI reporting guidelines', Nature Communications, vol. 15, no. 1, 1619. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45355-3

Kale, AU, Hogg, HDJ, Pearson, R, Glocker, B, Golder, S, Coombe, A, Waring, J, Liu, X, Moore, DJ & Denniston, AK 2024, 'Detecting Algorithmic Errors and Patient Harms for AI-Enabled Medical Devices in Randomized Controlled Trials: Protocol for a Systematic Review', JMIR Research Protocols, vol. 13, e51614. https://doi.org/10.2196/51614

Kale, AU, Mills, A, Guggenheim, E, Gee, D, Bodza, S, Anumakonda, A, Doal, R, Williams, R, Gallier, S, Lee, WH, Galsworthy, P, Benning, M, Fanning, H, Keane, PA, Denniston, AK & Mollan, SP 2023, 'A Datasheet for the INSIGHT Birmingham, Solihull, and Black Country Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Dataset', Ophthalmology Science, vol. 3, no. 3, 100293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xops.2023.100293

Liu, X, Kale, A, Ometto, G, Montesano, G, Sitch, A, Capewell, N, Radovanovic, C, Bucknall, N, Beare, N, Moore, D, Keane, P, Crabb, DP & Denniston, A 2022, 'OCT assisted quantification of vitreous inflammation in uveitis', Translational Vision Science & Technology, vol. 11, no. 1, 3. https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.11.1.3

Comment/debate

Martindale, APL, Llewellyn, CD, de Visser, RO, Ng, B, Ngai, V, Kale, AU, di Ruffano, LF, Golub, RM, Collins, GS, Moher, D, McCradden, MD, Oakden-Rayner, L, Rivera, SC, Calvert, M, Kelly, CJ, Lee, CS, Yau, C, Chan, A-W, Keane, PA, Beam, AL, Denniston, AK & Liu, X 2024, 'Author Correction: Concordance of randomised controlled trials for artificial intelligence interventions with the CONSORT-AI reporting guidelines', Nature Communications, vol. 15, no. 1, 6376. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49956-w

Review article

Ong, AY, Taribagil, P, Sevgi, M, Kale, AU, Dow, ER, Macdonald, T, Kras, A, Maniatopoulos, G, Liu, X, Keane, PA, Denniston, AK & Hogg, HDJ 2025, 'A scoping review of artificial intelligence as a medical device for ophthalmic image analysis in Europe, Australia and America', NPJ digital medicine, vol. 8, 323. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01726-8

Kale, AU, Serrano, A, Liu, X, Balasubramaniam, B, Keane, PA, Moore, DJ, Llorenç, V & Denniston, AK 2022, 'Measuring inflammation in the vitreous and retina: a narrative review', Ocular immunology and inflammation. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2022.2049316

View all publications in research portal