Dr Raymond Reynolds BSc, MSc, PhD

Dr Raymond Reynolds

School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences
Senior Lecturer in Motor Control

Contact details

Address
School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences
University of Birmingham
Edgbaston
Birmingham
B15 2TT

Dr Raymond Reynolds has a wide range of interests within the field of human motor control. This includes sensorimotor control of balance, reaching and tremor. His research is supported by the BBSRC.

Feedback and office hours

Office hours are Monday 2-4, although it is best to book an appointment in advance.

Qualifications

  • B.Sc. Animal Physiology (University of Reading)
  • M.Sc. Neuroscience (University College London)
  • Ph.D.  Gait adaptation and after-effects (Imperial College London)

Biography

After completing a PhD investigating postural adaptation Dr Reynolds spent 4 years at the Institute of Neurology with Professor Brian Day examining sensory guidance of limb trajectory. He joined the department in October 2007.

Teaching

Dr Reynolds currently delivers a third year module entitled Techniques in Neuroscience. This covers a range of methods including brain imaging and neural stimulation.He also contributes to the 2nd yr course, Sensation & Movement in addition to delivering a 2nd yr motor control lab, and providing a one day Masterclass for the BBSRC MIBTP programme. He previously taught musculo-skeletal anatomy.

Postgraduate supervision

Dr Reynolds currently supervises three PhD students. Enquiries from prospective candidates are welcome at any time.

Research

Research themes

Vestibular control of posture - How does the brain transform vestibular signals into appropriate responses for balance? Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation induces a sense of head movement. The resulting sway response reveals mechanisms underlying sensorimotor control of standing. This theme is covered on a recent Inside Science interview on BBC Radio 4: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04009cd. Daily Mail Article on ageing balance: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2239369/The-OAPs-undergoing-rigorous-jet-pilot-testing-elderly-suffer-falls.html

Tremor - Fourier and wavelet methods are used to examine the relationship between muscle activity and hand movement during static postures. This can distinguish between neural and mechanical origins of physiological tremor.

Neural basis of online visual control of movement - Target jump paradigms reveal the neural mechanisms underlying online control of reaching and stepping, both in healthy individuals and stroke patients.

Funding (as PI)

European Space Agency/BBSRC - Effect of prolonged inactivity on vestibular control of balance (£29k; 2014-15)

BBSRC - BB/L02103X/1 - The sensory role of muscle for the control of balance (£321k; 2014-17)

MRC-ARUK - PhD Scholarship (2014-17) - Vestibular function in high-risk fallers

BBSRC MIBTP - PhD Scholarship (2012-16) - Sensory guidance of the upper limb

BBSRC NI Award- BB/100579X/1 - The effect of ageing on vestibular control of balance (£198k; 2011-13)

BBSRC Industry Exchange Award - Establishment of a human sensory testing facility at The University of Birmingham (£25k; 2012-13)

Other activities

Member of Postgraduate research & Health & Safety committees.

Theme lead for Movement Rehabilitiation.

Publications

Recent publications

Article

Reynolds, RF, Smith, CP & Assländer, L 2025, 'Effects of Altered Haptic Feedback Gain Upon Balance Are Explained by Sensory Conflict Estimation', European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 61, no. 1, e16670. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.16670

Hamel, R, Gaskell, P, Prosser, S, Whelan, D, Irving, R & Reynolds, RF 2025, 'Optimising electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS) for assessing vestibular function', Clinical Neurophysiology Practice, vol. 10, pp. 359-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnp.2025.08.006

Mackenzie, S, Smith, C, Tremblay, M, Day, BL & Reynolds, R 2024, 'Bed rest impairs the vestibular control of balance', The Journal of Physiology, vol. 602, no. 12, pp. 2985-2998. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP285834

Reynolds, RF, Liedtke, AM & Lakie, M 2024, 'Intrinsic ankle stiffness is associated with paradoxical calf muscle movement but not postural sway or age', Experimental Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1113/ep091660

Sakanaka, TE, Lakie, M & Reynolds, RF 2021, 'Idiosyncratic Characteristics of Postural Sway in Normal and Perturbed Standing', Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 15, 660470. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.660470

Sakanaka, TE, Lakie, M & Reynolds, RF 2021, 'Individual differences in intrinsic ankle stiffness and their relationship to body sway and ankle torque', PLoS ONE, vol. 16, no. 1, e0244993. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244993

Reynolds, RF, Smith, CP, Yang, R, Griffin, R, Dunn, A & McAllister, C 2020, 'Effects of calf muscle conditioning upon ankle proprioception', PLoS ONE, vol. 15, no. 8, e0236731. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236731

Mackenzie, S, Irving, R, Monksfield, P, Dezso, A, Dawe, N, Lindley, K & Reynolds, R 2019, 'Comparing ocular responses to caloric irrigation and electrical vestibular stimulation in vestibular schwannoma', Frontiers in neurology, vol. 10, 1181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.01181

Mackenzie, S & Reynolds, R 2018, 'Differential effects of vision upon the accuracy and precision of vestibular-evoked balance responses', The Journal of Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP275645

Sakanaka, T, Gill, J, Lakie, M & Reynolds, R 2018, 'Intrinsic ankle stiffness during standing increases with ankle torque and passive stretch of the Achilles tendon', PLoS ONE, vol. 13, no. 3, e0193850. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193850

Mackenzie, S, Irving, R, Monksfield, P, Kumar, R, Dezso, A & Reynolds, R 2018, 'Ocular torsion responses to electrical vestibular stimulation in Vestibular Schwannoma', Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 129, no. 11, pp. 2350-2360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2018.08.023

Mackenzie, S & Reynolds, R 2018, 'Ocular torsion responses to sinusoidal electrical vestibular stimulation', Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol. 294, pp. 116-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.11.012

Asslander, L, Smith, C & Reynolds, R 2018, 'Sensory integration of a light touch reference in human standing balance', PLoS ONE, vol. 13, no. 6, e0197316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197316

Smith, C, Allsop, J, Mistry, M & Reynolds, R 2017, 'Coordination of the upper and lower limbs for vestibular control of balance', The Journal of Physiology, vol. 595, no. 21, pp. 6771–6782. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP274272

Review article

Bouisset, N, Nissi, J, Laakso, I, Reynolds, RF & Legros, A 2024, 'Is activation of the vestibular system by electromagnetic induction a possibility in an MRI context?', Bioelectromagnetics. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.22497

View all publications in research portal