- Brain Trauma is an area of existing excellence across the College of Medical and Dental Sciences at Birmingham, the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham (QEHB) and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at Illinois. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is responsible for astonishing socio-economic costs, as it disproportionately affects people of working age. In the US alone, TBI is estimated to cost the economy over $60 billion annually. In developing countries, where its incidence is rising even more rapidly, TBI is a leading cause of destitution when the main bread-winner of a family is involved in an accident. In addition, mild TBI has been dubbed the signature injury of recent conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, whilst sport concussion has become a major public concern leading to reduce sport participation in younger age groups.