Carlos’s paper presentation was entitled ‘Shear wave elastography reveals differences in lumbar erector spinae muscle stiffness in individuals with low back pain’. This paper has revealed a differentiation in muscular stiffness between superficial and deep muscle layers in the lumbar spine in healthy people, which is also observed in people with Low Back Pain (LBP). However, people with LBP display higher muscular stiffness in the superficial muscle layer compared to healthy people, which may be part of a protective strategy with the aim of stiffening the spine and to prevent further pain. In addition, people with LBP show a lower increase of muscular stiffness with contraction (trunk extension in prone position), which may be related to the decrease in the strength of the lumbar muscles. Carlos’s study provides new insights into the mechanical properties of the lumbar muscles, and adds to knowledge about the neuromuscular adaptations to pain that people with LBP undergo.