Centre for Reformation and Early Modern Studies

Postgraduate study is at the very heart of the Centre for Reformation and Early Modern Studies. Every year we attract new students, from the UK or from further afield, to study with us and become part of our academic community.

CREMS is home to a dynamic community of postgraduate students engaged in a wide variety of courses and research projects. We offer a range of full- and part-time taught and research degrees to a mixture of applicants, from recent graduates to mature students returning to academic study after careers in other areas.

Whether you are interested in further study to gain additional qualifications, in order to pursue a career in academia, or simply because you have a passion for your subject, CREMS offers a wide range of expertise in a friendly and supportive environment. 

Prospective research students should also note that PhD funding in early modern history is available through Birmingham's membership of the AHRC midlands4cities consortium. 

See the list of staff research interests for more information about the range of topics we are able to supervise.

Find out more about our Doctoral Research programme:

Director of CREMS: Katie Bank and Peter Auger

Professor Hugh Adlington
Professor of English Literature
Department of English Literature

Dr Peter Auger
Lecturer in Early Modern Literature
Department of English Literature

Dr Katie Bank
Leverhulme Early Career Fellow
Department of History

Dr Sheldon Brammall
Associate Professor in Early Modern Literature
Department of English Literature

Dr Hilary Brown
Senior Lecturer in Translation Studies
Department of Modern Languages

Dr Emily Buffey
Teaching Fellow in Early Modern Literature
Department of English Literature

Professor Richard Cust
Emeritus Professor
Department of History

Dr Tom Cutterham
Senior Lecturer in United States History
Department of History

Professor Michael Dobson
Director of the Shakespeare Institute; Professor of Shakespeare Studies
Shakespeare Institute 

Professor Ewan Fernie
Chair of Shakespeare Studies and Fellow
Shakespeare Institute 

Professor Elaine Fulton
Professor of History Education
Director of Education, College of Arts and Law
School of History and Cultures 

Dr Tara Hamling
Reader in Early Modern Studies
Head of Department of History
Department of History 

Dr Nicholas Hardy
Birmingham Fellow
Department of English Literature

Professor Karen Harvey
Professor of Cultural History
Deputy Head of the School of History and Cultures
Department of History

Dr Toria Johnson
Associate Professor in Early Modern Literature
Department of English Literature

Dr Chris Laoutaris
Senior Lecturer in Shakespeare
Shakespeare Institute

Dr Elizabeth L'Estrange
Associate Professor in History of Art
Department of Art History, Curating and Visual Studies

Professor Tom Lockwood
Professor of English Literature
Department of English Literature

Dr Noah Millstone
Senior Lecturer
Department of History

Dr Kate Rumbold
Honorary Associate Professor
Department of English Literature

Dr Kate Smith
Associate Professor in Eighteenth-Century History
Department of History

Dr Simon Smith
Associate Professor of Shakespeare and Early Modern Drama
Shakespeare Institute

Professor Tiffany Stern, FBA
Professor of Shakespeare and Early Modern Drama
Shakespeare Institute

Dr Erin Sullivan
Reader in Shakespeare
Shakespeare Institute

Dr Jonathan Willis
Associate Professor in Early Modern History
Department of History

Professor Gillian Wright
Professor of English and Irish Literature
Department of English Literature

Useful websites and online resources for researching and studying early modern and reformation history.

Databases of printed texts

• Broadside Ballads Online
  Searchable collection of around 30,000 digitized broadside songs, from Britain in the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries. Links to the English Broadside Ballad Archive at UC Santa Barbara.
• Brigham Young University, French Political Pamphlets
  Searchable collection of c2286 digitized French political pamphlets held by Brigham Young University in Utah, USA. Smaller than the Newberry Collection, but a great deal not in the standard bibliographies.
• British Library Newspapers: 1732-1950 (proprietary)
  Database of newspapers, particularly emphasizing local and regional newspapers (that is, not London-based national ones), though the eighteenth-century holdings are not as significant as the nineteenth- and twentieth-century holdings.
• British Periodical Collections (proprietary)
  Searchable database of British periodicals from 1681 to 2005.
• Digital Bodleian
  Only a small number of the Bodleian’s extensive collection of rare books (26 at time of writing) western manuscripts (121 at time of writing) have been digitized. There are also writing blanks and board games from the eighteenth century, some ephemera, non-western manuscripts, maps and images.
• CAMENA: Latin Texts of Early Modern Europe
  A set of transcribed, searchable neo-Latin texts, mainly from German authors, in the early modern period. Includes a number of Latin reference works, which can be particularly useful for glossing neo-Latin vocabulary and usage.

• Early English Books Online (proprietary)
  EEBO has page images of almost every work printed in the British Isles and North America, as well as works in English printed elsewhere, from 1470-1700. Uses standard bibliographic references. Misleadingly comprehensive. Many but not all texts are full-text searchable.
• Early European Books (proprietary)
  An attempt to develop a counterpart to EEBO for non-Anglophone materials printed before 1701. Currently includes holdings from libraries in Copenhagen, Florence, the Hague, the Wellcome Library in London, and some from the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris. Links to the USTC.
• EDIT16
  A census of printed editions in Italian libraries, roughly 1501-1600. The standard bibliographical resource for sixteenth-century Italian printed works. Provides information about surviving copies in Italian libraries, as well links to digitized copies, often to editions from the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale in Rome uploaded to Google Books.
• Eighteenth Century Collections Online (proprietary)
  A selection of works published in Britain and its empire between 1701 and 1800. Not comprehensive at all, but contains 180,000 titles amounting to over 32 million searchable pages.
• English Broadside Ballad Archive
  Searchable resource with over 9,000 early modern broadside ballads, with text, images and even music. Unites many important collections from a number of different archives.
• E-Rara
  This site provides digitized rare printed books from Swiss libraries, including works with marginalia. Around 50,000 works pre-1800. Searchable.
• Europeana
  A joint project of various libraries, museums and cultural institutions: includes texts and objects. Searching takes practice, but the site brings together material not easily accessible elsewhere. A sample search of the year ‘1598’ brought up important archival material from Dutch central and provincial archives, art from Spain and Austria, medals from Hungary, etc etc.
• Gallica
  Provides reproductions of a large number of printed and manuscript items held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France. These can be difficult to browse and search -- full text searching of early modern print is spotty, and it is easier to find manuscripts through the BnF’s manuscript catalogue. But once found, the material is easy to browse and download.
• Google Books
  Google Books has digitized enormous numbers of early modern printed books, from libraries all over Europe and North America. Most of these are out of copyright, and so are freely available; indeed, you can often find multiple editions of the same book, or even copies of the same edition, from different libraries. OCR allows some degree of full-text searching, and you can narrow searches by time period.
• Internet Archive
  The Internet Archive has lots of out-of-copyright nineteenth-century scholarly editions (see below); but the Newberry Library has also uploaded their entire collection of 30,000 early modern French pamphlets there.
• John Foxe’s Acts and Monuments Online
  An online edition providing a way into four editions of Foxe’s work (1563, 1570, 1576, 1583). Makes the massive work more easily searchable, and makes it easy to compare different editions. A substantial bibliography as well.
• John Johnson Collection: an Archive of Printed Ephemera (semi-proprietary)
  A collection of eighteenth-, nineteenth- and twentieth century ephemera -- pamphlets and so on -- housed at the Bodleian Library. Categories include Advertising, Book Trade, Crime, Entertainment, and Prints.
• Library of Congress Digital Collections
  The Library of Congress in Washington, DC, has digitized a number of collections of interest to early modernists, including the Kislak Collection (artifacts from indigenous Americans), the Thomas Jefferson Papers, digitized microfilm make in the 1950s from the manuscripts of the monasteries of Mount Athos and other orthodox religious communities; pre-1700 European printed music; Persian manuscripts; and hundreds of early modern printed books, including over 500 pre-1500 incunabula.
• Manuscriptorium
  A digital repository of information about printed books and manuscripts. Many but not all have digital photographs. The main interest are the collections covered, concentrating on libraries in Czechia and Romania. Searching by date turns up all sorts of interesting items.
• Mercure François
  Twenty-four volumes of the French mercury (1605-43) have been page-scanned by EHESS.
• Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum Digitale Bibliothek (MDZ)
  The digital collections of the Bavarian State Library (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek) and other Bavarian libraries. It has hundreds of thousands of early modern titles available for free, mostly Latin and German but some in other languages, including English. Manuscripts, too.
• Philosophical Transactions
  The Royal Society has the full set of the Philosophical Transactions reaching back to 1665. Including articles, letters, book reviews, etc.
• Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Burney Newspapers Collection (proprietary)
  Searchable, digital collection of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century news media, collected by Charles Burney and held by the British Library. Concentrates on newsbooks, newspapers and periodicals. Much content not held by EEBO.
• Universal Short Title Catalogue (UTSC)
  Like the ESTC (see above) but an attempt to provide a census of all European printed matter. Coverage is quite strong up to 1600, and then spottier after that, but still good. Will provide lists of surviving copies, with some links to digitized versions.
• VD16
  The Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachbereich erschienen Drucke des 16 Jahrhunderts is the union catalogue of printed matter appearing in German-speaking lands (but not necessarily in German) during the Sixteenth Century. It is listed by edition, is searchable, provides information about surviving copies, and some links to digitized editions.
• VD17
  The seventeenth-century version of VD16. Again, works listed by edition, searchable, with information about surviving copies and some links to digitized editions.
• Wolfenbütteler Digitale Bibliothek (WDB)
  The digitized collections of the Herzog August Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel.
• zvdd
  The Zentrales Verzeichnis Digitalisierter Drucke provides a unified access portal to digitized print from the German lands from the fifteenth century to the present day.

Collections or editions of manuscript texts

See Digital Bodleian, Gallica, Europeana, Manuscriptorium, Library of Congress, MDZ, Newton Project above.

• 1641 Depositions
  Searchable digital edition of 8,000 depositions related to the 1641 Irish rebellion.
• Anglo-American Legal Tradition
  Thousands of legal documents from the UK’s national archives, photographed and reproduced in their entirety. Many of the records require special training to read, but it is nevertheless an invaluable resource for untangling the legal system and following particular cases.
• Archivio dei filosofi del Rinascimento
  This is a web archive that brings together bibliographical material and transcriptions of documents relating to Giordano Bruno, Tommaso Campanella, and Giulio Cesare Vanini. These include many letters, including the 172 Campanella letters edited by the late Germana Ernst.
• Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna
  A selection of manuscripts and other materials at the Universitá di Bologna have been digitized, including lots of Arabic manuscripts, the Mesoamerican Codice Cospi, several of Ulisse Aldrovandi’s manuscripts and some transcripts of his correspondence. Also provides digitized versions of most of the tranches of the Aldrovandi correspondence that were published in (now often difficult to find) Italian journals.
• British History Online (partly proprietary)
  Digital library, largely of out-of-copyright calendars and finding aids related to British History, maintained by the Institute of Historical Research in London. These have been made full-text searchable by double-rekeying (in the days before OCR); otherwise they are relatively difficult to use. Easy to search, hard to browse. Commons and Lords journals, Victoria county histories, hearth tax assessments, calendars of state papers, etc, all included. Recent additions include transcriptions of 2,500+ petitions addressed to various judicial bodies between the 1570s and 1800.
• British Library Digitized Manuscripts
  The British Library has begun modest digitization efforts, with a recent team concentrating on early modern manuscripts.
• Bullinger Digital
  Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575) was Zwingli's successor as leader of the Reformed Church in Zürich. This site provides full, searchable transcripts, annotations, metadata, and in many cases photographs of roughly 12,000 letters to and from the Zürich reformer Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575).
• Cecil Papers Online (proprietary)
  Sir William Cecil, Lord Burghley, was a pillar of Queen Elizabeth I’s government from her accession to his death in 1598; his son, Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, was nearly as important until his death in 1612. The papers of both Cecils, as well as their descendants, are held at the family home at Hatfield House, and have (largely) been digitized in this collection. You can search the summary finding aides and (mostly) get access to digitized photographs of the documents themselves.
• Correspondance de Pierre Bayle
  Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) was a Huguenot philosophe, famous as the founding editor of Nouvelles de la République des Lettres (1684-1687)and particularly as author of the Dictionnaire Historique et Critique. This invaluable edition is searchable, has manuscript images of many of the letters, but takes some experience to navigate.
• Correspondance complète et autres écrits de Guy Patin
  Guy Patin (1601-72) was a physician and professor of medicine at Paris, but is most famous as an obsessive busybody of the Republic of Letters. This edition of his letters and papers is thoroughly indexed and well annotated; an outstanding scholarly edition.
• The Correspondence of Bess of Hardwick
  Transcribes 234 letters to and from Bess of Hardwick (1550-1608).
• The Correspondence of Hugo Grotius
  Transcribed version of the Grotius correspondence, in original languages. Site is in English, explanatory notes are in Dutch, the correspondence itself is in Latin, French and Dutch.
• Court Depositions of South-West England
  This site offers eighty transcribed depositions drawn from twenty cases heard in church courts and Quarter Sessions between 1556 and 1694, and from the counties of Devon, Hampshire, Somerset and Wiltshire.
• Digital Book History
  This website is mainly concerned with one manuscript – the commonplace book of Susanna Collet (made around 1635), now in the Morgan Library – and some further material all associated with Collet’s family and their bizarre spiritual project at early seventeenth-century Little Gidding.
• DigiVatLib
  The Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana has been undertaking a massive digitization programme. More than 20,000 full MSS have been digitized, including hundreds from critical collections like the Barberini Latini MSS. Not every BAV manuscript is digitized, but lots of them are!
• Dramatic Extracts
  DEx is an online, searchable database of extracts from English plays found in seventeenth-century manuscripts. Currently in beta but an extremely valuable resource that transcribes materials not otherwise available in surrogate. Includes search functionality.
• Earls Colne Village Records
  A unique and longstanding project to digitize all the available records related to one village in Essex. Exploited in particular by social historians.
• Early Stuart Libels
  An edition of early seventeenth-century political poetry from manuscript sources. Texts and bibliographical information.
• Epistolae Roberti Bellarmini
  The Jesuits Bachelet and Tromp collected thousands of letters to and from Cardinal Robert Bellarmine between 1599 and 1621; they are preserved in typescripts at the Pontificia Università Gergoriana. But they are also now mostly photographed and transcribed! You can help out with the project as well by doing transcriptions where necessary.
• Folger Shakespeare Library Digital Manuscripts
  Digitized manuscripts from the Folger Shakespeare Library of Washington, DC., one of the largest repositories of early modern manuscripts in North America.
• Die Fuggerzeitungen
  A number of manuscripts of the critical ‘Fugger newsletters’ surviving in the Austrian National Library (Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek) have been digitized. Coverage is largely of the later sixteenth century, from 1568-1604. Mostly German, but some bits in other languages.
• Georgian Papers Online
  Contains over 200,000 digitized pages of documents from the Royal Archives and Royal Library at Windsor Castle dating to the reigns of the first Hanoverian kings, from George I to William IV.
• The Hartlib Papers
  The digitized papers of the intelligencer and polymath Samuel Hartlib (1600-1662), a mainstay of a mid-17th century British-based circle of projectors and scientists. There are page images and searchable transcriptions.
• Harvard University Digital Special Collections
  Digitized manuscripts from Harvard University library. Only a small portion of their early modern manuscripts are digitized, but some are, and it’s worth having a look.
• London Lives 1690-1800: Crime, Poverty and Social Policy in the Metropolis
  Presents digitized and searchable sources, manuscript and printed, particularly related to plebian Londoners. Includes prison records, poor relief, and so on. Can even help you trace individuals through London’s social system.
• Medici Archive Project
  A growing database of material from the Medici archive in the Archivio di Stato in Florence. You must register and be approved to access, but then you can add to it; an experiment in collaborative database-building.
• Old Bailey Online
  A searchable edition of the proceedings of London’s central criminal court from 1674-1913. Substantial guidance is available to help with searching.
• Perdita Manuscripts (proprietary)
  The Perdita Project produced bibliographic details about English women writers, c1500-1700, whose works were ‘lost’ or unknown because they remained in manuscript. The Perdita Manuscripts hosts digitized microfilms of 230 manuscripts, from poetry and religious meditations to advice and account books.
• The Plantin-Moretus Archive
  Christoph Plantin (1520-1589) was one of the most important printers of his age; the Museum Plantin Moretus retains far and away the best-preserved archive of any early modern printer. A significant proportion has been digitized. Consult the PDF inventory; it has embedded hyperlinks to the digitized material.
• Records of Early English Drama (REED) Online
  REED has spent decades transcribing and publishing records relating to drama from the medieval era to 1642. The collections are mostly organized geographically, and several are now online here.
• State Papers Online (proprietary)
  The heart of this database are photographs or digitized microfilms of nearly every part of the SP series in the UK’s national archives, from the ‘State Papers Domestic’ to diplomatic papers, for the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Many Privy Council records (PC) are included as well, as well as a number of important volumes in the British Library seemingly selected at random. Nevertheless, this is a game-changing resource in terms of making the records of UK diplomacy and government available to researchers.
• Yale University Digital Special Collections
  Digitized manuscripts from the Beinecke Library, the special collections library of Yale University. Over a million pages digitized, including some early modern British material.

Images and objects

See Digital Bodleian, Europaeana and Library of Congress above.

• Art UK
  An online home for every public art collection in the UK, 3,300 institutions and 250,000 artworks. Thousands of early modern works are available. You can search by topic, year, artist, etc.
• Artstor (partly proprietary)
  300 collections from across the world, with over 2.5 million images, and specifically designed for teaching and research. Tens of thousands -- hundreds of thousands -- of early modern images, searchable by date, artist, region, etc.
• British Museum Online Collections
  The British Museum has photographed and provided information for a huge proportion of its holdings. Particularly important for us are materials accumulated by early modern collectors like Sir Hans Sloane and Sir Robert Cotton; and the substantial ‘prints and drawings’ collection, which has numerous unique visual sources. Loads of material objects as well.
• British Printed Images to 1700
  A digital library of prints and book illustrations from early modern Britain.
• CODART
  A network of museums with significant collections of Dutch and Flemish art worldwide. A guide to the collections; also features a limited number (about 100) of extremely high-quality images, many of them early modern.
• George III topographical Collection
  A collection of tens of thousands of maps, landscapes and other topographical representations that formed part of King George III’s collections, now at the British Library.
• Répertoire International d’Iconographie Musicale
  Database of musical iconography - while not comprehensive, a good starting place, particularly for 17th and 18th C continental art.
• Rijksmuseum
  The Dutch National Museum has an abundance of objects that are searchable and downloadable as high-quality images. In addition to loads of Dutch art, there are also models of ships and artifacts from Dutch life and overseas commerce in the early modern era.
• Victoria & Albert Museum
  England’s museum of art and design has a massive searchable collection of material and decorative objects.
• The Wenceslaus Hollar Collection
  The University of Toronto is home to the third-largest collection of drawings and etchings by the seventeenth-century master Wenceslaus Hollar. These have been digitized and are available to view and compare with a pretty sophisticated imaging interface.

Edited primary sources

Almost all eighteenth- and nineteenth-century edited collections of primary sources are available through the text databases described above (especially Gallica, Google Books, Archive.org). This section particularly describes twentieth-century (that is, still in-copyright) edited primary source editions that have been digitized.

• The Catholic Record Society
  Since 1904, the Catholic Record Society has published sources related to English Catholics. 79 volumes are available.
• The Camden Society (proprietary)
  Since 1838, the Camden Society has published editions of medieval and early modern sources. Over 350 volumes have been published, to a very high editorial standard, and are available through Cambridge University Press. You’ll have to sign in to gain institutional access.
• Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu
  The Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu in Rome has been progressively digitizing all the edited material they’ve published on Jesuit history. Well over a hundred volumes are available, including letters of sixteenth century Jesuits, pedagogical materials, materials relating to Jesuit missions in India and the New World, etc.

Dictionaries

• Randle Cotrave, A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues (1611)
  A roughly 850-page dictionary of early modern French, used (according to Ferguson) by Sir Thomas Urqhart to understand and translate François Rabelais's intricate wordplay. You can use it, too!
• Database of Latin Dictionaries (proprietary)
  A collection of medieval, early modern and modern dictionaries of Latin that can be simultaneously searched.
• Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm
  A searchable version of the Grimms’ dictionary of German, good for looking up archaic forms.
• Dictionnaires d’autrefois
  A composite dictionary of seventeenth-, eighteenth- and nineteenth-century French dictionaries.
• FWB Online
  The Frühneuhochdeutschen Wörterbuch is a dictionary of high German from the middle of the fourteenth to the middle of the seventeenth century, developed in the 1980s. This is the free online version of it.
• Latin Place Names
  A database largely created from printing imprints.
• Neulateinische Wortliste
  A Neolatin dictionary, with translations in German. The only site that was able to gloss Pantosophista for me.
• Orbis Latinus Online
  An online edition of Graesse’s 1909 guide to Latin versions of placenames.
• François Pomey, Indiculus Universalis, 4th ed. (Lyon, 1684)
  A French work that lists Latin terminology for common, scientific and technical words. Most Latin dictionaries give you classical or literary definitions; this is good for working out what people writing everyday Latin in the seventeenth century meant by the words they used. How do you say ‘frying pan’?
• Christopher Wase, Dictionarium Minus, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1675)
  A Latin-English dictionary. There are some words I couldn’t find in the above resources but managed to find here.

Bibliographic resources

See above -- USTC, Edit16, VD16, VD17.

• British Book Trade Index (BBTI)
  An index which aims to include brief biographical and trade details of all those who worked in the English and Welsh book trades up to 1851. Includes not only printers, publishers and booksellers but also related trades (e.g. stationers, papermakers, engravers, auctioneers, ink-makers). BBTI is, however, an index to other sources of information, and is not a biographical dictionary. For Scotland, see Scottish Book Trade Index (below).
• English Short Title Catalogue (ESTC)
  The English Short Title Catalogue provides bibliographic information about 480,000 editions published in Britain and its possessions between 1473 and 1800. Does not contain links to digitized copies, but does provide information about the location of surviving copies.
• Compositor
  Compositor is a database of eighteenth-century British printers’ ornaments, useful for identifying printers.
• Catalogue of English Literary Manuscripts
  Manuscripts associated with early modern writers, both autographs and copies for those interested in manuscript circulation. Organized by author, work and repository.
• Renaissance Cultural Crossroads Catalogue
  A searchable, analytical and annotated list of all translations out of and into all languages printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland before 1641. The catalogue also includes all translations out of all languages into English printed abroad before 1641.
• Johann Joachim Schwabe, Brevis Notitia Alphabeti Ephemeridum Literarum, et aliorum quorundam scriptorum eiusmodi diurnorum, hebdomadariorum, menstrorum, anniversariorumque, aucta et ad annum MDCCXLVII continuata
  Schwabe (1714-1784) was a philosopher and historian based in Leipzig. This is a quite copious list of learned and literary journals of the seventeenth and early eighteenth century, organized alphabetically, with formats, years of publication, and sometimes other information. The journals are principally in Latin, German and French, though some are in English, Italian and Dutch; places of publication range across Europe. Printed with the 1747 edition of Morhof’s Polyhistor.
• Scottish Book Trade Index (SBTI)
  Lists the names, trades and addresses of people involved in printing in Scotland up to 1850. It covers printers, publishers, booksellers, bookbinders, printmakers, stationers, papermakers. For England and Wales, see British Book Trade Index, above.

Biographical resources

If you are lucky enough to be working on someone with an entry in a biographical dictionary, you should look them up!

• CCED: The Clergy of the Church of England Database
  The CCED team integrated lots of church records -- subscription records, taxation records, and so on -- to help you track your random clergyman’s career through the Church of England, even moving diocese to diocese.
• Deutsche Biographie
  Combines entries from the Allgemeine and Neue Deutsche Biographie projects; 50,000 biographies for people from German-speaking lands.
• Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
  Around 30,000 biographies from the ongoing project for Italian nationals, including loads of minor writers of the early modern period. Quite extensive entries and good bibliographies.
• Historische Lexikon der Schweiz
  Around 25,000 entries; quite brief, for the most part, but with pointers to secondary literature and archival remains.
• History of Parliament
  Over 20,000 biographies of MPs and members of the House of Lords, many of whom were not important enough to rate an article in the ODNB. Usually includes notes and sources.
• Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (proprietary)
  The UK’s biographical dictionary. 60,000 relatively comprehensive biographical entries, complete with notes of archives and sources at the bottom.

Maps and calendars

• Atlas of Early Printing
  Maps the spread of printing during the second half of the fifteenth century. Primarily a teaching resource.
• Historical Calendar
  In 1582, after intense work by a number of mathematicians and astronomers, Pope Gregory XIII introduced a calendar modification called the Gregorian calendar. This is the calendar we still use today. Prior to 1582, and after 1582 in lots of non-Catholic countries, Europeans used the Julian calendar, which was systematically out of synch with the Gregorian (10 days in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 11 days in the eighteenth century, etc etc). ‘Historical Calendar’ allows you to quickly figure out what date you’ve got, what day of the week it was, and so on.
• Map of Early Modern London
  A digital reproduction of a highly detailed 1561 map of London, combining various datasets to show streets, various shops, and so on.
• Interactive Nolli Map
  An interactive digital map of Giambattista Nolli’s 1748 map of Rome. Rich with metadata and connections to images, and developed to a very high standard.
• Orbis Urbis
  An attempt to create a rounded historical topography of early modern Rome. Includes information on artworks, buildings, architects, streets. Difficult to browse but easy to search, with information on artwork and loads of architectural resources.

Data Sets

These sites host various forms of data – wages, prices, trade, gold/silver conversion, currency value, births and deaths, etc – as they changed over time. The websites will sometimes offer interpretive tools, but most often will just have downloadable spreadsheets and explanations as to how the data sets were created.

• Economic History of the Ottoman Empire
  Offers datapoints on things like grain output per worker, product prices from tax registers, and so on, especially for the sixteenth century.
• European State Finance Database
  An extension of the classic project directed by Richard Bonney in the 1990s and the basis of significant comparative work on state finance. The site contains a helpful introduction, functional search fields and direct access to the data.
• Global Price and Income History Group
  A site created and maintained by economic historians that compiles datasets related to income and prices across time and space. Do you wonder how much the price of beef in Florence changed over the sixteenth century? Go see what they’ve managed to collect!
• Historical Prices and Wages
  Collected by KNAW’s International Institute of Social History provides raw data, interpretive articles and resources for tracking changing prices and wages over time.
• Medieval and Early Modern Data Bank
  A collection of datasets around currency exchange; grain prices in Cologne; general prices in the Netherlands; and textile industry data from the Low Countries and England.
• Scottish Economic History Database
  Now hosted out of Historical Prices and Wages above, the Scottish Economic History Database, 1550-1780, tracks wages, prices, crop yields and demographics.

Finding aids

Every archive and library has a different mix of online, printed and manuscript catalogues (‘handlists’ that usually can only be consulted on site). Learning your way around a library partly means learning your way around their collections and finding aids. But here are some digital resources that can help you get into that:

• Archives Portal Europe
  A directory of archives in Europe and some other places, with available finding aides. By no means comprehensive, but nevertheless quite extensive and worth exploring before you make archival trips.
• Calames
  A union catalogue of archival holdings of French universities and some research libraries.

• The Cause Papers in the Diocesan Courts of the Archbishopric of York
  A searchable catalogue of the cause papers related to the church courts in York diocese between 1300-1858, held by the Borthwick Institute.
• Gateway to Early Modern Manuscript Sermons (GEMMS)
  A bibliographic database providing bibliographic data of sermon manuscripts from the British Isles and North America.
• Early Modern Letters Online
  A finding aid for early modern correspondence, concentrating on scientists and philosophers. Coverage for other kinds of correspondence -- for example, diplomatic correspondence or newsletters -- is extremely patchy.
• Polyphony Database
  A searchable finding aid for manuscripts and modern editions of 15th-17th century music. Cataloging ongoing by volunteer enthusiasts.
• Répertoire International des Sources Musicales (RISM)
  An international, non-profit organization and finding aid that aims to comprehensively document extant musical sources worldwide: manuscripts, printed music editions, writings on music theory, and libretti that are found in libraries, archives, churches, schools, and private collections. 1.3 million records.
• The Sloane Letters Project
  An attempt to digitize the letters of Sir Hans Sloane from thirty-eight volumes in the British Library. Ongoing with respect to the collection metadata, and so far (as far as I can tell) a handful of transcriptions are available.

Online paleography courses

• Digitale Schriftkunde
  Learn to read the handwriting of Southern Germany! Examples from the eighth century to the twentieth. Numerous examples from the early modern period, in both German and Latin, with full transcriptions supplied so you can see how you are doing.

• English Handwriting Online 1500-1700
  A course in reading early modern English handwriting, with helpful instructional essays on letter formation and writing technology and a series of twenty-eight lessons of increasing difficulty.

History Office
College of Arts and Law
Arts Building, University of Birmingham
Edgbaston, Birmingham
West Midlands
UK
B15 2TT

Telephone +44 (0)121 41 45497

Email Katie Bank (k.n.bank@bham.ac.uk) Peter Auger (p.auger@bham.ac.uk)

Twitter @CREMS_bham