As a result of smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, some people develop atherosclerosis (i.e. hardening of the arteries) in their legs. Atherosclerosis reduces the blood supply, causing pain when walking. As the disease progresses, the supply to the leg can become so poor that people get severe pain. At this stage, even minor injuries to the foot can fail to heal, allowing infection to enter the tissues, resulting in the development of ulceration, even gangrene.
Unless the blood supply to the leg and foot is improved, many affected people will lose the limb and/or die within 12 months as a result of “severe limb ischaemia” (SLI). One in every 1000-2000 people in the UK will be diagnosed with SLI each year and this rate is rising as a result of the ageing population, the large increase in the numbers of people with diabetes, and continuing high rates of smoking. As well causing great suffering, SLI places a substantial economic burden on health and social care services.
To ensure that patients with SLI receive appropriate, effective and cost-effective care, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) funds two ongoing studies, the BASIL-2 and BASIL-3 randomised clinical trials. Professor Tracy Roberts and Dr Lazaros Andronis are leading the economic analyses of BASIL-2 and BASIL-3, respectively.
BASIL-2 Trial: Bypass vs Angioplasty for patients with Severe Limb Ischaemia below the knee.
BASIL-2 is concerned with people with disease of the arteries below the knee (also termed infra-geniculate, IG, arteries) which is now the commonest site of severe disease. The trial aims to determine the most effective and cost-effective treatment for preventing amputation and death, getting the ulcers and gangrene to heal, and relieving pain.
Two treatments are commonly used in this patients group: vein bypass (VB), where a vein is used to bypass the blockage, and endovascular treatment (BET), which involves opening up the diseased arteries with balloons and, sometimes, small metal tubes called stents.
BASIL-3 Trial: Balloon vs Stenting for patients with Severe Limb Ischaemia above the knee.
SLI patients with less severe, more limited disease above the knee (i.e. in the femoro-popliteal arteries) are treated by endovascular means, rather than bypass surgery, in the first instance because, in general, it is less risky and expensive; and seems to work as well as bypass in the short term.
For many years, the ‘standard of care’ endovascular treatment for such patients has been ‘plain balloon angioplasty’ (PBA) with the use of ‘bail-out’ (bare metal) stenting (BMS) when PBA alone has been unsuccessful. More recently, drug coated balloons (DCB) and drug eluting stents (DES) have entered the market and are widely used around the world. These DCB and DES release various drugs which act on the vessel wall and are believed to reduce the risks of the artery narrowing down. However, the evidence base underpinning the use of DCB and DES is weak and they are much more expensive than PBA+/-BMS.
Both trials aim to assess the cost-effectiveness of the compared options. To this end, Professor Tracy Roberts and Dr Lazaros Andronis will be undertaking economic evaluations to determine the cost per year of amputation-free survival, cost per year of overall survival, and cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) associated with Bypass vs Angioplasty (BASIL-2) and Balloons vs Stenting (BASIL-3). The evaluations will comprise ‘within-study’ analyses, which will be based on data obtained within the trials’ follow-up period, and ‘model-based’ evaluations, which will capture lifetime costs and effects likely to accrue beyond the studies’ follow-up.
More details about the aims of the trials can be found on the websites below:
University of Birmingham BASIL-2 and University of Birmingham BASIL-3
NIHR HTA portal BASIL-2 and NIHR HTA portal BASIL-3 websites at the NIHR HTA portal